Age+of+Imperialism

Age of Imperialism 1850-1910  Kyle, Nicole, and Tanner For behind all imperialism is ultimately the imperialistic individual, just as behind all peace is ultimately the peaceful individual.- Irving Babbit

In the early 1800s, European nations had just a toehold in Africa, holding only areas along the coast. In the mid-18OOs, though, Europeans had renewed interest in Africa. This rose, in part, from a desire to create overseas empires, a movement called imperialism. European nations wanted to control lands that had raw materials they needed for their industrial economies. They also wanted to open up markets for the goods they made. Nationalism fed the __drive__ for empires as well. A nation often felt that gaining colonies was a measure of its greatness. Racism was another reason. Europeans thought that they were better than Africans. Finally, Christian missionaries supported imperialism. They thought that European rule would end the slave trade and help them convert native peoples. As a result of these factors, the nations of Europe began to seize lands in Africa. __Technology__ helped them succeed. Steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs made them able to penetrate deep into Africa and still have contact with the home country Machine guns gave them a weapon of far greater power than any African peoples possessed. Finally, discovery of quinine gave doctors a weapon against malaria, which struck Europeans. They were also helped by the lack of unity among African peoples. The events called the European "scramble for Africa" began in the 1880s. The discovery of gold and diamonds in Africa increased European interest in the continent. So that they would not fight over the land, European powers met in Berlin in 1884~85. They agreed that any nation could __claim__ any part of Africa simply by telling the others and by showing that it had control of the area. They then moved quickly to grab land. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia were independent of European control. The Europeans began to build plantations where they grew peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. They also took important minerals. The Congo produced copper and tin. South Africa had gold and diamonds. In South Africa, three groups struggled over the land. In the early 1800s, the Zulu chief Shaka fought to __win__ more land. Meanwhile, the British won control of the Dutch colony on the southern coast. Many thousands of Dutch settlers, called Boers, moved north to escape the British. They fought the Zulus, whose land they were entering. At the end of the century, Boers fought a vicious war with the British. The Boers lost, and they joined the British-run Union of South Africa.



The Ottoman Empire, based in modern Turkey, had lasted for hundreds of years. By the 1800s, it was weak. In 1830, Greece won its independence and Serbia won the right to govern itself. European nations eyed what remained of the empire hungrily. Russia hoped to __win__ control of the Black Sea so it could ship grain across the Mediterranean Sea. It fought a war with the Ottomans in the 1850s, but lost when Britain and France joined against it. Still, the Ottomans later lost almost all of their land in Europe and parts of Africa. By 1914, the empire was much smaller than it had ever been. Muslim leaders, seeing this decline, decided to modernize their countries. In Egypt, Muhammad Ah broke away from Ottoman control. He put in place reforms to change the army and the economy. He pushed Egypt's farmers to grow cotton, a cash crop in demand in Europe. However; peasants suffered when they were turned away from growing food. His grandson continued to modernize. He joined with the French in building the Suez Canal, which connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. When Egypt had money troubles, Britain took control of the canal and the country. In Persia, the Russians and the British competed for control with local powers. Russia wanted to win Persia to have access to the Indian Ocean. Britain wanted some land there as a barrier between Russia and its colony in India. In the early 1900s, oil was discovered in Persia. A British company signed an agreement with Persia's ruler to develop these oil fields. Persians rebelled against their ruler-who was corrupt-and the growing influence of Europeans. Then Russia and Britain stepped in and took control of the land.



In the early 1700s, the Mughal Empire of India fell into decline. By the middle of the century, the British East India Company was becoming the most important power in India. It held huge amounts of land~almost the entire subcontinent. British law forced India to supply raw materials such as tea, indigo (a dye), coffee, and cotton. The law also forced Indian manufacturing out of business. India became even more important when the East India Company built rail lines that linked growing regions in the interior with ports on the coast. India enjoyed some gains from British rule. Its rail system was the third largest in the world and helped make the economy more modern. The British made other improvements, too. They built telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and canals. They also improved sanitation and public health and built schools. More and more Indians learned to read. British rule caused problems as well. Many economic benefits flowed out of India to Britain. Indian industry died out because of British trade laws. Many farmers and villages lost their ability to feed themselves because they were made to grow cash crops. Many peoples died when famines struck. British racist attitudes damaged Indian culture. By the mid-1800s, many Indians felt growing resentment. When Indian soldiers heard rumors that offended their religious feelings, many rebelled. The East India Company needed a year and British troops-to put it down. The Indians lost because of their own divisions. Muslims and Hindus did not trust each other. After the revolt, the British government took direct control of British India. Indians tried other ways of resisting British control. Leaders such as Ram Mohun Roy urged changes in traditional Indian practices to make Indian society more modern. He hoped to free India of foreign control with these changes. Indians resented the fact that they were treated unfairly. They formed two groups~the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Both began to push the British to make changes. In the early 1900s, they called for self-government.

__ **TIMELINE** __ __ **1 Jan 1850** __ -European Trade with Africa becomes well Established. __ **30 Jan 1857** __ -East India Company collapses due to Sepoy Rebellion; British Raj begins.Although the Sepoys were Indians fighting for the British, they rebelled when they were told that the cartridges of their rifles (which they had to bite) were made of beef and pork fat. Eating these thinge was against their religions, so they rebelled and captured Delhi. The British beat the Sepoys because there was a split between the Hindus and Muslims. Afterwards, the British took direct control of Indian government. __ **30 Jan 1869-** __ Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Sea.Isma'il, the ruler of Egypt build the Suez Canal using Egyptian labor and French money. __ **31 Dec 1884-** __ Berlin Conference convenes to discuss terms for African colonization.Since all the European countries wanted to get to Africa, they all had to meet at a conference to lay down rules for colonization.They decided that any nation could colonize anywhere, but they had to tell other nations and make sure the land wasn't already colonized. __ **31 Jan 1898-** __ Spanish-American War breaks out; Puerto Rico, Spain, and the Philippines taken from Spain.Although the Americans were reluctant to colonize, they got hold of Puerto Rico, Spain, and the Philippines. Filipino nationalists were not happy about this and they they fought the US. __ **31 Jan 1914-** __ Most of Africa is under European Control.After years of wars, rebellions, and treaties, Eurpoe takes over most of Africa except for Etheopia and Liberia.
 * __30 Jan 1893-__ ** Queen Liliuokalani takes the throne of Hawai.Liliuokalani became queen after the US had colonized Hawaii. Liliuokalani wanted a new constitution that would give more power to her and her people instead of to the American land owners.
 * __31 Jan 1896-__ ** Ethiopians defeat the invading Italians at the battle of Adwa.Because of Menelik II, Etheopia was able to resist the Europeans. After being tricked into signing away all of Etheopia to the Italians, he declared war aganist them and won.
 * __31 Jan 1899-__ ** Boer War in South Africa.Although the Boers (Dutch) had already taken over Southern Africa, once diamonds and gold had been discovered, other Europeans wanted to come to Africa and __make money__. The Boers did not take kindly to this, and they had the first "total" war involving guerilla tactics used by the Boers and concentration camps used by the British.
 * __1 Jan 1914-__ ** Most of Africa is Under European Control.Many European powers wanted to colonize Africa for its resources. Europeans also looked down upon Africans considering themselves as more superior. The __claim__ of African areas caused uprisings and rebellions altough many were unsuccessful due to guns. By 1914 most of Africa had been claimed leaving Ethiopia and Liberia free. Many of the areas had been claimed as protectorates, spheres of influence, colonies, or economic imperialism.

__ **TERMS** __ imperialism- policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially resources- raw materials used in production of goods market-Group of consumers that produce hope to sell goods and services to annex-to take over territory and add it to one's own prestige-a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth white man's burden- poem written by Rudyard Kipling justifying European colonialism as a thankless duty. colonies-territories controlled by people from a foreign land. reparations- payment for damages; usually from one country to another sepoy-an indian soldier serving under british command Berlin Conference-a meeting which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the colonization of Africa.

__**PEOPLE**__ 1.Ram Mouhm Roy- Saw Indians as having the same rights as Europeans. Felt the british were violating their rights 2.Hong Xiuquan-Wanted to create a place where nobody was poor. Followers formed the Taiping Rebellion 3.John Hay- Proposed the Open Door Policy, which allowed free trade in the Chinese ports under European control 4.Dowager Cixi-The empress in China who shot down potential reforms 5.Sun Yat-Sen-called for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Wanted democracy in future, but nationalism now 6.Yuan Shikai-Negotiated peace between Qing and the Boxers 7.Commodore Perry- He was sent to what was an isolated Japan to open up trade 8.Mutsuhito-The emperor after Tokugawa stepped down 9.Cicil Rhodes-One of the biggest proponents of it and said a railroad from South Africa to Cairo would bring benefits to Africa 10.King Leopold II-King of Belgium, claimed congo for himself and forced natives to extract rubber from rubber trees and many died

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__ **LINKS** __ __ **Age of Imperialism -** __ A detailed overview of the happening during the Age of Imperialism. Age of Imperialism - A look at a letter to the emperor and the expansion of the Pacific. Age of Imperialism - What happened during the Panama Canal? Find out here! Age of Imperialism - Remember the Maine and Yellow Journalism. What happened during this time period to influence these thing to happen? Age of Imperialism -Between the end of the Spanish-American War and the dawn of the Great Depression, the United States sent troops to Latin American countries thirty-two times. It used the Roosevelt Corollary, or addition, to the Monroe Doctrine to justify intervention. Age of Imperialism -As ships crossed the vast ocean to trade in Asia, islands in the Pacific became important stops for coal, provisions, and repairs Age of Imperialism -Despite Dewey's early victory, the war in the Caribbean was getting off to a slow start. More than 250,000 soldiers rushed enthusiastically into the service. Age of Imperialism - A extensive look into the backround of the Spanish-American War and what took place. Age of Imperialism -Throughout the nineteenth century, China's emperors had watched as foreigners encroached further and further upon their land. Time and again, foreigners forced China to make humiliating concessions. Foreign regiments, armed with modern weapons, consistently defeated entire imperial armies. Now, as a new century was about to begin, Tsu Hsi, empress dowager of the Ch'ing Dynasty, searched for a way to rid her empire of foreign parasites. Age of Imperialism - An interactive map which allows you to follow the Age of Imperialism.



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