The+West+Between+the+Wars

The West Between Wars  1919-1940   Kyle, Nicole, and Tanner "Old age is the most unexpected of all things that has happened to a man." - Leon Trotsky

The peace settlement at the end of World War I left many nations unhappy and border disputes simmering throughout Europe. The League of Nations proved a weak institution. Economic problems plagued France, Great Britain, and the German Weimar Republic. When Germany declared that it could not continue to pay reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley as a source of reparations. The Dawes Plan reduced the burden of reparations and led to a period of prosperity in Europe. Democracy was widespread, and women in many European countries gained the right to vote. The prosperity ended with the economic collapse of 1929 and the Great Depression. European governments tried different approaches to ending the depression. Many Germans began to identify with anti-democratic political parties. The new U.S. president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, pursued a policy of active government intervention in the economy that came to be known as the New Deal.

By 1939 most European democracies had collapsed. Only France and Great Britain remained democratic. Benito Mussolini began his political endeavors as a Socialist, but he abandoned socialism for fascism, which glorified the state and justified the suppression of all political dissent. In Italy, Mussolini outlawed most political opposition, but also compromised with powerful groups and never achieved totalitarian control. After the Russian civil war, Lenin restored capitalist practices to prevent economic and political collapse. After Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin emerged as the most powerful Communist figure. Stalin sidelined the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary era and established totalitarian rule. His program of rapid industrialization and collectivization forced horrendous sacrifices on the population. His political purges caused millions to be arrested, imprisoned, and executed. Elsewhere in Eastern Europe and in Francisco Franco's Spain, authoritarian regimes were mainly concerned with preserving the existing social order.

Adolf Hitler, a failed student and artist, built up a small racist, anti-Semitic political party in Germany after World War I. Hitler's uprising against the government in Munich, the Beer Hall Putsch, failed. In prison, he wrote //Mein Kampf// —an account of his movement and his views. As democracy broke down, right-wing elites looked to Hitler for leadership. In 1933 Hitler became chancellor. Amid constant chaos and conflict, Hitler used terror and repression to gain totalitarian control. Meanwhile, a massive rearmament program put Germans back to work. Mass demonstrations and spectacles rallied Germans around Hitler's policies. All major institutions were brought under Nazi control. Women's primary role was to bear Aryan children. Hitler's Nuremberg Laws established official persecution of Jews. A more violent anti-Semitic phase began in 1938 with a destructive rampage against Jews and the deportation of thousands to concentration camps.
 * __TERMS__**

media type="custom" key="15408764" media type="custom" key="15409122" The West Between the Wars- The publication by Hezbollah of the names of the CIA station chief in Beirut and several other alleged CIA staffers is a serious The West Between the Wars- **German–Russian relations** have a long history. Since the end of the Cold War, Germany and Russia have developed their "Strategic Partnership" which has bonded the two countries The West Between the Wars- born on 20th April, 1889, in the small Austrian town of Braunau near the German border. Both Hitler's parents had come from poor peasant families. The West Between the Wars- Klara Polzl, the mother of Adolf Hitler, was born in Spital, Austria, in 1860. She married Alois Hitler, a senior customs official, in 1885. The West Between the Wars- Alois __Hitler__, the illegitimate son of a housemaid, was born in Strones, Austria in 1837. He left home at the age of thirteen to serve as a cobbler's in Vienna. He did not enjoy the __work__ and five years later joined the Imperial Customs Service. The West Between the Wars- Benito Mussolini was born in Forli, Italy, in 1883. After working briefly as a schoolteacher, Mussolini fled to Switzerland in 1902 in an effort to evade military service. The West Between the Wars- The independent state of Italy emerged from a long nationalist struggle for unification that started with the revolution of 1848 The West Between the Wars- In 1914 the Russia Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia. The West Between the Wars- Nicholas, the eldest son of Alexander III, the Tsar of Russia, and Marie Feodorovna, was born at Krasnoye Selo in May 1868
 * __depression__ || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a period of low economic activity and rising __unemployment__. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] collective bargaining || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the right of unions to __negotiate__ with __employers__ over wages and hours. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] deficit spending || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] when a government pays out more __money__ than it takes in through __taxation__ and other revenues, thus going into __debt__. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] totalitarian state || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] fascism || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] New Economic Policy || a modified version of the old capitalist system adopted by Lenin in 1921 to replace war communism in Russia; peasants were allowed to sell their produce, and retail stores and small industries could be privately owned, but heavy industry, __banking__, and mines remained in the hands of __the government__. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Politburo || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a 7-member committee that became the leading policy-making body of the Communist party in Russia. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] collectivization || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants __work__ land owned by __the government__. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Reichstag || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] the German parliament. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] concentration camp || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions ||
 * __LINKS:__**
 * __The West Between the Wars__**-branding of Russia and China as despicable is extraordinary language. Both countries say they have vital security interests in the Middle East and do not __agree__ with the US vision of democracy.



__**TIMELINE**__:
 * **1917** || October || With __financial help__ from Imperial Germany the bolshevik party under Lenin manages to attain power in Russia. ||
 * **1918** || March 3 || In the **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk** the war with Russia is ended. Russia renounces any authority in Poland and the Baltic states and acknowledges the independence of Ukraine and Finland. The Central powers do not demand reparations. ||
 * || November 11 || The "Great War" is ended by an armistice between Germany and the Allied Powers, signed in Compiegne. The terms of the peace treaty are to be made later. Until the actual peace treaty is signed, the British blockade of Germany continues. ||
 * **1919** || January 18 || Peace conference opens in Versailles. The main points are negotiated between David Lloyd George (Great Britain), Georges Clemenceau (France) and Woodrow Wilson (USA). ||
 * || April 29 || __The constitution__ of the **League of Nations** is accepted at the Parisienne peace conference and will be included into the peace treaties as Article 1-26. ||
 * || June 28 || The **Treaty of Versailles** is signed by Germany. Shortly later Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria sign their own treaties. They include that Germany and the Central powers take all responsibility for the war and demand full reperations especially from Germany. The amount of the reparations remains open. ||
 * **1920** || November 15 || First meeting of the full assembly of the Leage of Nations in __Geneva__. The US does not enter the League. ||
 * **1921** || January 24-29 || Conference in Paris on reparations proceeds without participation of Germany. They decide that Germany has to pay 269 billion Goldmarks and, for 42 years,12% of the value of German exports (another some 1-2 Billions a year). This excluded any reparations that Russia might demand. German war expenses from 1914-18 amount to some 150 Billions. This money was collected mainly via war bonds and has to be repaid by the state to the population. ||
 * || March 8 || After Germany tries to negotiate the sum without success, parts of the Ruhr area are occupied by France. ||
 * || April 27 || The German reparations are newly fixed to 132 Billion Goldmarks, payable in 37 years. ||

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10 Most Important People 1. Adolf Hitler- He was the NAZI leader of the Germans. He also was very anti-Semitic and sent the Jews to concentration camps. 2. Benito Mussolini- He was the Fascist leader of the Italians. He allied Hitler to become more powerful. 3. Franco Francisco- A Spanish general who dictatored them for many years. He was close to Hitler and Mussolini. 4. Anton Drexler- He is the founder of the NAZI party that later Hitler came to rule. 5. Charles Dawe- He was an American banker who set up the Dawes plan which helped the Germans pay back money 6. Josef Stalin- He was a Russian leader of communism that controlled everything. 7. Vladimir Lenin- He was a Russian leader who set up Communism in Russia. 8. Halie Selassia- He was the Emporer of Ethiopia that went to Leagueof Nations. 9. Leon Blum- He was the leader of the Socialist Party and became Prime Minister. 10. Hirohito- He was considered to be the last divine Japanese Emporer.