Ghandi+and+Indian+Independence





 A man is but the product of his thoughts what he thinks, he becomes.- Ghandi After the war the British further alienated India's Muslims for failing to honour a promise not to dismember the Turkish Empire, its leader, the Sultan, was also recognised as the spiritual leader of the Muslims. This gave Gandhi the opportunity to unite Muslims and Hindus in a policy of non-cooperation with The British Government in India. This policy was appriciated by the All-India Congress Committee in December 1920. Among its points, along with boycotts of official functions; elections. Was a boycotting of British goods, particularly textiles and an encouragement to use home-spun, home-woven cloth.

The boycotting was because Lancashire mass-produced textiles had destroyed the Indian handloom industry. In the early seventeenth century the Indian sub-continent was one of the world’s leading manufacturers and exporters. That was why British traders set up the East India Company. At the end of the century the fledgling Lancashire industry, started by immigrant Flemings, began to pressure for restrictions on the import of manufactured Indian textiles. In 1700 Acts were passed that prohibited the wearing of Indian silks and calicoes. By 1760 cotton goods from India had import duties on them ranging from 50-70% and by 1813 of 85%. The British East India Company was in conflict with the Lancashire manufacturers over this. Bonfires of Lancashire cloth raged throughout the land. The spinning wheel and the handloom became symbols of patriotism and freedom. When the Prince of Wales arrived on a visit to Bombay on November 17th 1921, he was met by closed shops and deserted roads. The Government maintained its hard line; banning public meetings, arresting activists. By the end of 1921 50,000 members of the movement were in prison. It was Gandhi's intention to intensify the campaign but a clash between police and demonstrators at Chauri-Chaura which led to the death of 22 policemen, caused him to suspend the movement altogether. This was not popular with his followers and the Government took advantage of this and had him arrested and sentenced to six years imprisonment on a charge of spreading disaffection.

In January 1924 Gandhi fell ill with acute appendicitis. While he was recovering in hospital in Poona, he was released from prison. What he found on his release disturbed him. The unity between Hindus and Muslims had evaporated; the All-India Congress was divided. He undertook a fast of 21days to atone for the sins of his people. Over the next few years he devoted himself to Hindu-Muslim unity; the equality of women; the removal of untouchability; and the hand-spinning.By 1929 Congress was re-united under his leadership and he moved a resolution that complete independence be their ultimate goal. In 1930 he began his historic 24 day march to the sea to protest against the law which compelled people to pay punitive duties on salt. Picking up a rock of salt on the beach was a simple and symbolic act which provoked wide-spread defiance of the law. Thousands went on marches and were arrested. Gandhi himself was arrested and was not available to be Congress's representative at the First Round Table Conference held in 1930 to explore ways towards independence for India.

TIMELINE:

1919 AD: The cruel Jallianwalla Bagh massacre takes place due to protests against the Rowlatt Act 1920 AD: Non-cooperation Movement launched 1922 AD: Chauri-Chaura violence takes place due to Civil Disobedience Movement 1928 AD: Simon Commission comes to India and is boycotted by all parties 1930 AD: Salt Satyagraha is launched as an agitation against salt tax. First Round Table Conference takes place 1931 AD: Second Round Table Conference takes place and Irwin-Gandhi Pact is signed 1934 AD: Civil Disobedience Movement is called off 1942 AD: Cripps Mission is formed; Quit India Movement is launched 3rd June 1947 AD: Lord Mountbatten's plan for partition of India comes into light 15th August 1947 AD: Partition of India and Independence from the British rule



TERMS: == **__LINKS:__** Ghandi and Indian Independence- When Gandhi was thirteen, he was married to Kasturbai, a girl of the same age. Child marriages, arranged by the parents, were then common in India, and since Hindu weddings were elegant, expensive affairs, the Gandhi family decided to marry off Gandhi, his older brother, and a cousin all at one time to spare the cost of three separate celebrations. Ghandi and Indian Independence- Gandhi was an earnest student, taking on more responsibilities than was required, and the more he studied, the more austere he became. He trimmed his expenses by walking ten miles to school each day to save carfare, moving into a cheaper room, and preparing his own breakfasts of oatmeal and cocoa and dinners of bread and cocoa. He continued to eat lunch in vegetarian restaurants
 * Nationalization || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] The action of bringing land, property and industries under the control of the nation ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Civil disobedience || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Salt March || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt. ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Non-violence || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Ahisma || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Hindu belief in nonviolence & reverence for all ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] apartheid || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Satyagraha || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Gandhi ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Indian National Congress || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] group formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Brahman || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] in the belief system established in Aryan India, the single spiritual power that resides in all things ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] caste system || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society (Hindu) ||
 * [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] Amritsar || [[image:http://b.quizlet.com/a/i/spacer.MzUH.gif]] city where the muslim massacre in India occurred ||

Ghandi and Indian Independence- While Gandhi was learning, often first-hand, the indignities of discrimination, he was also hard at work on the case that had brought him to South Africa. After studying the complex charges and countercharges, he suggested to the opposing parties that they select an arbitrator and settle the case out of court. They agreed, and when the arbitrator found for Gandhi's client, the young lawyer saved the loser from humiliation by persuading the victor to accept moderate installments of money.

Ghandi and Indian Independence- India on its part has been successful in establishing a vibrant democracy and has ever looked forward towards positive directions. But Pakistan is still struggling to establish itself as a state and has not been able to overcome the colonial hang over. With its history marred by failed democratic experiments and successful military takeovers. Ghandi and Indian Independence- Rajiv Gandhi, who was rounding off one phase of campaigning with a late-night meeting in Sriperumbudur, forty kilometres from Madras, was blown to pieces when a young woman, who came forward to greet him, triggered off a bomb that she had strapped to her waist. Widely believed, and later proven, to be the handiwork of LTTE militants, the killing of the forty-six-year-old Rajiv generated a sympathy wave strong enough to give Congress 232 seats and the status of the single largest party. Ghandi and Indian Independence- The Constituent Assembly was to have 389 members. Of these, 296 were to be from British India and 93 from the princely Indian states. Initially, however, the Constituent Assembly comprised only of members from British India. Elections of these were held in July-August 1946. Of the 210 seats in the general category. Congress won 199. It also won 3 out of the 4 Sikh seats from Punjab. The Congress also won 3 of the 78 Muslim seats and the 3 seats from Coorg, Ajmer-Merwara, and Delhi. The total Congress tally was 208. The Muslim League won 73 out of the 78 Muslim seats. Ghandi and Indian Independence- The celebrations of independence had hardly died down when on 30th January 1948, a radical minded Hindu, Nathuram Godse, assassinated Gandhiji at Birla house, just before his evening prayers. The whole nation was shocked and stricken with grief and communal violence retreated from the minds of men and women. Expressing the nation’s sorrow, Nehru spoke over the All India Radio:

Ghandi and Indian Independence- In December 1970, General Yahya Khan, the military dictator of Pakistan, held free elections in which Bengal’s Awami Party under the popular leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman won more than 99 per cent of the seats in East Bengal and an overall majority in Pakistan's National Assembly. But the army and Yahya Khan, backed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the leading politician of West Pakistan, refused to let the Awami Party form the government. When the latter started a civil disobedience movement to enforce the constitutional provision, in a sudden move on 25 March 1971, Yahya Khan ordered a military crackdown on East Pakistan. Mujibur Rahman was arrested and taken to an unknown destination in West Pakistan. Ghandi and Indian Independence- In response, on 1 September, Pakistan launched a massive tank and infantry attack in the Chhamb sector in the southwest of Jammu and Kashmir, threatening India’s only road link with Kashmir. Shastri immediately ordered the Indian army to not only defend Kashmir but also to move across the border into Pakistan towards Lahore and Sialkot. Thus, the two countries were involved in war, though an undeclared one. The USA and Britain immediately cut off arms, food, and other supplies to both countries. China declared India to be an aggressor and made threatening noises. However, the Soviet Union, sympathetic to India, discouraged China from going to Pakistan's aid. Under pressure from the UN Security Council, both combatants agreed to a ceasefire that came into effect on 23 September.

Ghandi and Indian Independence- In May 1967, the Congress Working Committee adopted a radical Ten-Point Programme which included social control of banks, nationalization of general insurance, state trading in import and export trade, ceilings on urban property and income, curb on business monopolies and concentration of economic power, public distribution of foodgrains, rapid implementation of land reforms, provision of house-sites to the rural poor, and abolition of princely privileges.





A depiction of the Armritsar massacre. media type="youtube" key="K8gwgZPIi8E" height="315" width="560"

Ghandi talking about God, Life, Truth, and Love. media type="youtube" key="pSWzFz-tGrM" height="315" width="420"

media type="custom" key="18636036"

10 Important People 1.Mohandas Gandhi- He lived from 1869 to 1948 and fought violence with non-violence. He was given the titles " Mahatma" meaning great soul. 2.Satyagraha- He was steadfast in the truth.He was known for passive resistance and did not fight. 3.Muhammed Ali Jinnah- He created and was the leader of the Muslim League. Which was created because Islam is in danger. 4.Jewaharla Nehru- He was the leader of India after Gandhi died and was the first prime minister. He led from 1947 to 1964. 5.Indira Gandhi- She was the first women ever to lead India. She was prime minister from 1966 to 1983. 6.Rajiv Gandhi- He was the son of Indira Gandhi and lead India from 1984 to 1989. He wanted a capilalist economy. 7.Mother Teresa- She was a nun and lived from 1910 to 1997. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for leading charites. 8. Lord Mountbatten- He was the last viceroy of India before the Indians began to govern themselves. 9.Queen Victoria- She was known as the Empress of the World and held India as the largest colony. 10.Brigadier Reginald Dyer- He was the Butcher of the Armritsar because he ordered the troops fire their weapons.